Voip ( Voice Over Internet Protocol ) - 1586 Words

Electronic Submission Coversheet TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT By electronically submitting this work, I certify that: †¢ This assignment is my own work †¢ It has not previously been submitted for assessment †¢ Where material from other sources has been used it has been acknowledged properly †¢ This work meets the requirement of the University’s ethics policy Student Name: Seyedbabak Rezai Student Number : Q10928669 Faculty: Maritime Technology Level of study: 4 Course title: Bcs Computer Systems and Networks Unit title: CNP400 Assignment title: VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) Assignment tutor: Jomo Batola Word count: 1000 Learner request for feedback: TO BE COMPLETED BY STAFF Tutor feedback: Areas of†¦show more content†¦It is very important to know what type of connection is suitable for the users to communicate. VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) is a service that allows users to interact, send and receive the users voice. VoIP is considered as a service and in order for it to function correctly; the network administrator must consider the entire users situation. This service allows us to make phone calls to land lines and mobile phones around the world over Internet packets. Like anything else, VoIP has its benefits and drawbacks and ways to improve the service. A solution is introduced as IRIS at the end of the research with a conclusion. VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol has the same result as a normal telephone line but the main difference is in the architecture design. VoIP services communicate over a digital network rather than traditional telephone line. Data is being sent and received as â€Å"packets†. Packets are not encrypted and other users might be able to listen to the users conversation. In this case the administrator needs to set the servers default to encrypt the packets. When two users are having a conversation on the phone, bandwidth is very important. Normally a VoIP service that has been installed on a GSM network uses 531 Kilobytes/min (or 8.85 Kilobytes/Sec) of the networks bandwidth. From this, we know now this service cannot take place on a 56 kbps dial-up

Case 14 Nike Cost of Capital Essay - 1143 Words

Nike, Inc.: Cost of Capital Case 14 A Case Brief Submitted to Submitted by In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Date Submitted September 28, 2011 Summary This case highlights Kimi Ford, a portfolio manager with NorthPoint Group, a mutual-fund management firm. She managed the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund, and in July of 2001, was looking at the possibility of taking a position in Nike for her fund. Nike stock had declined significantly over the previous year, and it appeared to be a sound value play. Nike had held an analysts’ meeting one week earlier to release the company’s fiscal results for 2001. Apparently Nike had an ulterior motive; the management wanted this opportunity not only to release their fiscal†¦show more content†¦In order to be more confident in her forecast, she asked her assistant to estimate Nike’s cost of capital. Nike’s Estimated Cost of Capital Ms. Ford’s assistant estimated Nike’s cost of capital to be 8.4%. This is based on four main assumptions. First, a single cost of capital for all of Nike’s various business segments will be sufficient, rather than using a business segment specific cost of capital. Seeing as footwear made up 62% of revenues, and that all the significant segments were sport related, the assistant felt that the risk factors were similar for all of the business segments. Next, since Nike was funded through both debt and equity, the WACC was used to calculate the cost of capital. Third, the cost of debt was estimated to be 4.3%. This was calculated by taking the interest expense for the entire year of 2001 and dividing it by Nike’s average debt balance. Tax adjusted, the cost of debt is 2.7%; this uses a tax rate of 38% based on a state tax of 3% and the U.S. statutory tax rate. Lastly, the CAPM was used to estimate the cost of equity. Using the current yield of the 20 -year Treasury bond as the risk-free rate, the compound average premium of the market over Treasury bonds as the risk premium, and the average of Nike’s betas from 1996 to 2000 as the beta, Nike’s cost of equity was estimated to be 10.5%. Validity of the Assumptions Single Cost of Capital The first assumption is thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about Cost of Capital Nike974 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Case Analysis of Nike, Inc.: Cost of Capital Apparently, the issue of Nike’s case is to control and check the calculation cost of capital done by Joanna Cohen who is the assistant of a portfolio manager at NorthPoint Group. But I am willing to tell you that it can be a complex case in which we can doubt about sensitivity analysis done by Kimi Ford (portfolio manager) because her assumptions such as Revenue Growth Rate, COGS / Sales,  S A / Sales, Current Assets / Sales, and Current LiabilityRead MoreNike1217 Words   |  5 Pages13/3/2013 Nike, Inc. Cost of Capital 1 Discussion Questions †¢ What is the WACC and why is it important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? What does it represent? Is the WACC set by investors or by managers? †¢ Do you agree with Joanna Cohen’s WACC calculation? Why or why not? If you do not agree with Cohen’s analysis, calculate your own WACC for Nike and be prepared to justify your assumptions. What mistakes did Joanna Cohen make in her analysis? Which method is best for calculatingRead MoreCase Study on Nike1252 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study Nike Introduction Good morning ladies and gentlemen and thank for taking the time to meet with us. Nike was founded on January 25, 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight. The company officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1978. Nike has various products which include footwear as well as other apparel that compliment the former. This accounts for 92 percent of the company’s revenue. The other 8 percent comes from equipment and non Nike brand products, such as ColeRead MoreNike Case696 Words   |  3 PagesNIKE INC. CASE 14 Philip Chen, Choco Huang, Ariel Chou, Matt Krieger In this report we analyzed Cohen’s approach in calculating WACC. After observing how Cohen derived his figures we came up with our own WACC, terminal value, and EPS. Cohen broke down his calculations into five parts 1) Single or Multiple Costs of Capital 2) Proportion of capital from debt and equity 3) Cost of Debt 4) Cost of Equity 5) WACC In part one; we disagreed with Cohen where he decided to value theRead More NIKEs Labour Troubles Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesNIKEs Labour Troubles Nike publicizes itself as one of the leading industries in corporate responsibility. However, they do not comply with several human rights obligations overseas in countries like Thailand, Pakistan, China, Vietnam and Indonesia. In these countries, production facilities called sweatshops have been running for almost 35 years employing workers as young as 13 years of age. The conditions of these factories are adverse to say the least and deprive workers of the moral humanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Director Of Sustainable Sourcing Department Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesapparel production and 50% of global exports. External factors may drive manufacturers to relocate due to increasing labor cost, the transition will be unlikely in the next five years. While U.S. based companies are facing various business challenges, the associated risks from sourcing products from Asia can have detrimental effects on both financial and brand image as seen from Nike, Inc. and Mattel. Therefore, establi shing supplier credibility and developing strategies to mitigate supply chain risksRead MoreThe onesler1227 Words   |  5 Pagesinventory on account? D D) Inventory    XXXX       Accounts Payable       XXXX Question 5   of  50 Case 5.7 Sam s purchases $20,000 worth of goods on September 2. Terms of the purchase are 2/10 net 30 and FOB destination. The goods are shipped on September 3. The goods arrive at Sam s store on September 5. Shipping costs are $70. Sam pays for the goods on September 25. Refer to Case 5.7. Sam will debit inventory for which of the following amounts? 2070 Question 6   of  50 In which journalRead MoreNike Wacc Case Study2281 Words   |  10 Pagesimportant to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? Do you agree with Joanna Cohen’s WACC calculation? Why or why not? 2. If you do not agree with Cohen’s analysis, calculate your own WACC for Nike and justify your assumptions. 3. Calculate the costs of equity using CAPM, the dividend discount model, and the earnings capitalization ratio. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? 4. What should Kimi Ford recommend regarding an investment in Nike? 2 Case Overview Nike, Inc. NorthPoint GroupRead MoreFinancial Analysis: Nike Vs. Adidas4725 Words   |  19 PagesFinancial Analysis Nike Inc. vs. Adidas AG Submitted to: Dr. Ismail Gomaa By: Ghada Mahmoud Saafan 1/1/2010 CONTENTS Contents ........................................................................................................................................................................2 Methodology: ................................................................................................................................................................3 Nike Inc. ............Read MoreFinancial Analysis: Nike Vs. Adidas4709 Words   |  19 PagesComparative Financial Analysis Nike Inc. vs. Adidas AG Submitted to: Dr. Ismail Gomaa By: Ghada Mahmoud Saafan 1/1/2010 CONTENTS Contents ........................................................................................................................................................................2 Methodology: ................................................................................................................................................................3 Nike Inc. ...............

Influence of Business Ethics Education

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Business Ethics Education. Answer: Introduction: An organization while running the entire process of business in the market should follow the ethical footsteps properly. A proper guiding principle followed by both the employers and employees help the organization for maintaining effective employee relation, good communication and strong business decision at the workplace. This particular study has provided an in-depth understanding on how the organizations have to face innumerable difficulties for maintaining their entire process of business after facing any ethical issue related to work at the workplace. The business experts have to struggle immensely for maintaining organizational image and reputation after facing any kind of ethical issues at the workplace. 7-eleven is one of the most recognizable international chains occupying a predominant place in Global market. After started their journey in the Australia market in 1977 with one store, the organization has expanded their wings widely having 630 stores all over Australia. The business experts have utilized most of the prestigious countries of Australia for expanding their business. Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory, and Western Australia are possessed with the stores of 7-eleven with more than 190 million transactions every year. Recently the organization has faced innumerable challenges in order to run their business process successfully due to some major workplace ethical issues. As a result, the business experts failed to maintain their organizational image and reputation (7eleven.com.au, 2017). These particular ethical issues had drawn the customers attention as well. As a result, it affected the revenue growth of 7-eleven. This particular study has focused to highlight the identified ethical issues and its impact on employees as well as on organizat ional reputation. Discussion: This particular part has focused to highlight some of the major ethical issues identified at the workplace of 7-eleven. In the news article published in The Australian in the year 2015, it has been alleged that the franchisee stores of 7-eleven in Australia are not paying justified wages to the labor. The prominent honor rate is truly justified for the labors who are investing their flawless effort for rendering the success of business. Australia is possessed with the trademarks of multi-ethnic populace. At the same time, this particular country is out-an-out developed in terms of economy, technology and socio-cultural perspective. In such a developed country, 7-eleven is alleged highly for not paying the employee wages properly. As a result, the existing workers have lost the interest for providing good services to the customers (afr.com, 2015). At the same time, it has also been alleged that 7-eleven has misused the strengths of under graduate students who are have migrated for higher education from different nation. In order to maintain their educational expenses, those students had to be dependent on private firms for rendering money. The business experts of 7-eleven had targeted those students for involving within business process. On the other hand, those students were deprived of getting proper remuneration from the organization. After facing this serious issue, the management has decided to implement a business strategy at the workplace. The organization started to provide better remuneration to the existing workers. In return, they had started to impose over-burden to the employees such as overtime duty, minimize the break, the continuous flow of work without allowing normal interaction. These kinds of issues have become a major concern for both the employees and the media persons that ultimately comes out in front o f the public being a disastrous headline. After identifying the ethical dilemmas several news media has decided to raise this issue so that 7-eleven can take effective measures. Albert and Merunka (2013) stated in an occasion that this particular organization was suffering from leadership issues as well. As per the allegation of the workers, the business leaders of 7-eleven did not provide appropriate guideline to the employees for achieving business target. On the other hand, the leaders intended to impose decision on the employees with the help of which workers were bound to follow the instruction of leaders, be it logical or irrelevant. The organizational employees got limited scope to provide their personal opinion regarding the business goal. As a result, the employee relation at the workplace had been affected highly. In this kind of situation, the overall business growth of 7-eleven was highly affected. On the other hand, Alberts, Nakayama and Martin (2015) opposed the point of view of previous scholar. The author has stated that at the very of their journey 7-eleven was running their entire process of business successfully. The business managers used to follow democratic form of leadership style at the workplace. With the help of democratic leadership style, the managers gave immense opportunity to the employees for sharing their own opinion regarding the goal. As a result, employees got enough opportunities for exposing their own opinion. After expanding their business in Australian market in the year 1977 the organization has faced these kinds of issues. Under graduate students should not be involved with firm. Ardichvili et al. (2012) opined that the business experts should never involve any under graduate student within their process of businesses in minimum labor cost. This particular strategy is against the business ethics. On the other hand, the employees are getting deprived of receiving justified remuneration at the workplace. 7-eleven is currently facing immense challenges regarding their ethical issue due to which the organization has become a matter of discussion to most of news channels. In spite of being a multinational organization existing in several countries, the business experts have faced ethical issues that hamper highly in customer satisfaction rate (Audi, 2012). In order to render the success of business organization employees have to play a major role. After facing this kind of ethical issues, 7-eleven had faced innumerable employee turnover in the couple of years. As a result, the revenue growth of this organization has faced a drastic consequence. 7-eleven is the globally recognized organization that operates a large number of franchises and licenses. After facing these kinds of ethical issues in the Australian market, the business managers can implement some ethical theories and practices within the business organization for taking an effective managerial decision regarding achieving the business goal. Deontology theory has been considered as one of the most recognizable ethical theories followed by a large number of business organizations at the workplace. As per the concept of Ross, duty can never be self-centric. An individual should make a multi-centered approach while working together at the workplace (Avey, Wernsing and Palanski, 2012). The principle of this particular theory is fulfilling duties towards self or other person. In order to run a business organization successfully the employers have to maintain an effective employee relation in order to encourage the workers towards business goal. As opined by Barry (2016), the primary responsibility of business managers are to maintain a strong communication with every individual employee in order to know their challenges that they are facing at the workplace. Managers before taking a business decision can follow participative leadership style at the workplace. With the help of this particular leadership style, the employees would get opportunity for sharing their own opinion for rendering the success of business. On one hand, the business managers would get the opportunity to take collective decision for taking business strategy (Beadle, 2013). On the other hand, employees would like to show their interest for providing their best endeavor for reaching the business target. 7-eleven can follow deontology theory based on which the business authority tends to show their attention towards the employees. The authority should follow business ethics based on which the human resource managers should avoid recruiting under graduate s tudents and exploit their labor as well as mind. As per this particular theory and concept, the business employers can make an effective interpersonal communication at least once in a weak in order to know their issues facing at the workplace (Chun et al., 2013). It is the responsibility of the business manager to resolve the employee issues. Therefore, face-to-face communication is one of the most effective ways to expose the organizational issues. This particular theory has also pointed out that employees should maintain unity within the team. One senior employee should stretch the hand towards the juniors in order to resolve their organizational issues. People from different cultures and backgrounds are intimately associated within the business organization. Therefore, the authority should treat every individual member with equal respect and dignity. Collis and Hussey (2013) opined that a business organization is the amalgamation of people from different religions and cultural backgrounds. In most of the cases, it has been observed that senior employees tend to dominate the juniors while dealing with the same project. The under graduate students of 7-eleven have faced the similar issues. While involving within a new project the business managers of this organization tend to involve both fresher and the experienced employees (Cooper, 2012). It has been noticed that most of the senior employees intend to dominate the juniors by imposing their own decision, by pressurizing them towards additional works. In addition, they do not wish to co-operate with their junior for accomplishing a new project properly. Automatically, it became a burden for the fresher to provide good service to the customers. In order to overcome this kind of situation, the business experts of 7-eleven can use Care Ethics theory at the workplace. This particular theory implies that every individual should stand beside other at the workplace to those people who vulnerable and need support. The primary principle of this particular theory is action which is caring towards those who are vulnerable or need support. As per the recruitment process of 7-eleven, the human resource managers have recruited a large number of people belonging to indigenous group. At the same time, people from different cultural backgrounds are also entertained within this organization due to their diversity management system (Crane Matten, 2016). Senior employees inhumanly dominate these kinds of indigenous group of people while working at the workplace. As a result, it becomes crucial for those employees to survive at the workplace. In order to overcome this kind of situation, care ethics theory can be implemented at the workplace. Florea, Cheung and Herndon (2013) opined that the business managers can make an effective training and development session to the senior employees in order to make them understand about the value of maintaining organizational unity at the workplace. Training and development session would be helpful for evaluating the mind of employees. While involving within the business process, the new comers generally face immense difficulties at the workplace. If they do not get a co-operation from their seniors, the fresher lose their interest for performing well at the workplace. Floyd et al. (2013) has differed the concept of Ethical Care theory. As per the point of view of this scholar, it has been observed that senior employees should never show their sympathetic attitude towards the new comer at workplace. In order to survive within a business organization, the employees may have to face immense challenges at the workplace. The individual should have the capability to overcome the barrier b eing strategic and systematic with the proper guidance of senior employees. Support to the vulnerable should not signify mental consolation. Any kind of sympathy or polite approach may hamper the level of confidence of juniors (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). This particular concept has been highly accepted by a large number of contemporary scholars prevailing a predominant place at this century. In this particular part, a critical evaluation has been conducted on the relationship among ethics, leadership and decision-making. As opined by Hibbert and Cunliffe (2015), ethics can be defined as the value or belief based on which a particular organization intends to run their business in market. For an example, maintaining effective customer relation is one of the most concerned ethical beliefs that 7-eleven intend to follow at their workplace. At the same time, it is undeniable that maintaining customer relation is highly dependent on the employee performance. If the employees tend to provide their best effort towards the service process, the customers would be satisfied (Jennings, 2014). Therefore, providing quality service to the customers is not the only ethical consideration of the business managers. In order to maintain organizational ethics the business organization has to provide necessary facilities, benefits and facilities to the employees. The organization like 7-eleve n can follow some of the relevant acts and regulations such as data protection act, health and safety act, right to information act, anti-discrimination action, gender equity act and so on. Based on that relevant acts and regulations, the business managers can treat every single employee with equal respect and dignity. On the other hand, employees after receiving a positive treatment on behalf of organization like to deliver their good services towards customers for satisfying their needs and demands. Lindgreen et al. (2012) stated that leadership is the quality of guiding every single employee towards the business goal. The performance of an individual employee is highly dependent on the leaders. Leaders while directing a team tend to follow several kinds of leadership style at the workplace. Lindgreen et al. (2012) opined that democratic form of leadership style is highly important for encouraging the employees towards work. This particular form of leadership style provides many opportunities to the employees to express their own point of view. Leaders do not like to impose their own decision on the workers. 7-eleven had faced a major issue at the workplace as the business leaders intended to use autocratic form of leadership style at the workplace (May, Luth Schwoerer, 2014). This particular form of leadership style enables every individual employee to follow the instruction of leaders blindly. Employees do not get enough space to provide their own opinion for rendering the su ccess of business. As a result, a distance had been created in between the employers and employees. Michaelson et al. (2014) opined that before taking a decision on business strategy and policy the business, leaders did not make any collective decision by involving the employees opinion. As a result, the existing workers lost their interest for providing the effective service process. On the other hand, business decision is the something that depends on the business managers as well as employees. Patino, Pitta and Quinones (2012) opined that before taking a business decision managers tend to involve employees for making a collective decision. Collective decision is very much important for rendering the success of business. The overarching three concepts ethics, leadership and business decision are therefore interlinked with each other. Before taking any kind of business decision, leaders have to maintain ethics. For an example, in order to motivate the employees for overtime work, the organization should provide necessary facilities and benefits to the employees based on which they would like to show their interest for doing overtime work. At the same time, in order to lead the employees at the workplace, the business leaders should maintain effective communication with every individual worker for knowing their issues. Smith, Gonin and Besharov (2013) opined that employee should get a healthy workplace from the leaders so that they can provide their best effort for rendering the success of business. Therefore, the business decision is highly important on the values and beliefs of business managers and their leadership qualities. While raising the headline in The Australian regarding 7-eleven employee ethical issue at workplace, it has been observed that the business leaders were not maintaining organizational ethics at the time of making decision. Human resource managers wished to select most of the undergraduate employees who are not competent enough for providing complete labor and endeavor. In addition, the business experts of this particular organization were under paying those employees based on which they failed to maintain their livelihood properly. Therefore, while taking this kind of decision, the business managers were intending to avoid business ethics and values deliberately (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2013). Consequently, the employees intended to show their intense dissatisfaction for providing their best effort for the business organization. Goetsch and Davis (2014) opined that in order to be a good leader, the individual has to follow business ethics and principle. On the other hand, in order to take a proper business decision, the business leaders have to make a rapport with employees based on which the organization would be able to make collective decision for reaching the target market. Therefore, the consecutive terms ethics, leadership and business decision are inseparably related to each other. In order to take a good business decision, the importance of ethics and leaders are undeniable. Conclusion: The study has provided an in-depth understanding on how organizations should maintain ethical issues at the workplace. The contribution of every individual employee in a business organization is undeniable. 7-eleven is not exceptional to that. The managerial and leadership policy of 7-eleven Australia has become a serious issue based on which the employees have decided to lift their finger. A large number of foreign under graduate students are alleged to be exploited and humiliated at the workplace of 7eleven. They have not been paid their justified remuneration. As a result, the organization itself has become a hammer in the front page of The Australian. However, after facing the serious issue many eminent scholars have delivered different opinions. As per the point of view of several scholars, 7-eleven should change their leadership style in order to avoid these kinds of ethical issues. Business leaders should never treat with the junior under graduate employees harshly. In addition, before taking a business decision, the leaders should maintain organizational ethics and values. The business managers should implemented diversity management at the workplace with the help of which both the male and female employees would be treated with equal respect and dignity. Before implementing any business strategy and policy, the managers can use participative leadership style at the workplace of 7elevn. With the help of this particular leadership style, both the employees and the employers would be able to participate equally in making business decision for the organization. As a result, employees would not lose their motivational spirit for performing well to satisfy the demands of customers. Reference List: 7eleven.com.au, (2017). 7-Eleven Good Call. (2017).7eleven.com.au. Retrieved 21 January 2017, from https://www.7eleven.com.au 7-Eleven: Wage abuse claims puts scrutiny on Fair Work response. (2015). Financial Review. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.afr.com/business/retail/fmcg/7eleven-wage-abuse-claims-puts-scrutiny-on-fair-work-response-20150830-gjavxh Albert, N., Merunka, D. (2013). The role of brand love in consumer-brand relationships.Journal of Consumer Marketing,30(3), 258-266. Alberts, J. K., Nakayama, T. K., Martin, J. N. (2015).Human communication in society. Pearson. Ardichvili, A., Jondle, D., Kowske, B., Cornachione, E., Li, J., Thakadipuram, T. (2012). Ethical cultures in large business organizations in Brazil, Russia, India, and China.Journal of Business Ethics,105(4), 415-428. Audi, R. (2012). Virtue ethics as a resource in business.Business Ethics Quarterly,22(02), 273-291. Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., Palanski, M. E. (2012). Exploring the process of ethical leadership: The mediating role of employee voice and psychological ownership.Journal of Business Ethics,107(1), 21-34. Barry, N. (2016).Business ethics. Springer. Beadle, R. (2013). Managerial work in a practice-embodying institution: The role of calling, the virtue of constancy.Journal of business ethics,113(4), 679-690. Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J. N., Kim, M. S. (2013). How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of Management,39(4), 853-877. Collis, J., Hussey, R. (2013).Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan. Cooper, T. L. (2012).The responsible administrator: An approach to ethics for the administrative role. John Wiley Sons. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Florea, L., Cheung, Y. H., Herndon, N. C. (2013). For all good reasons: Role of values in organizational sustainability.Journal of Business Ethics,114(3), 393-408. Floyd, L. A., Xu, F., Atkins, R., Caldwell, C. (2013). Ethical outcomes and business ethics: Toward improving business ethics education.Journal of business ethics,117(4), 753-776. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hibbert, P., Cunliffe, A. (2015). Responsible management: Engaging moral reflexive practice through threshold concepts.Journal of business ethics,127(1), 177-188. Jennings, M. M. (2014).Business ethics: Case studies and selected readings. Cengage Learning. Lindgreen, A., Hingley, M. K., Grant, D. B., Morgan, R. E. (2012). Value in business and industrial marketing: Past, present, and future.Industrial Marketing Management,41(1), 207-214. Lindgreen, A., Hingley, M. K., Grant, D. B., Morgan, R. E. (2012). Value in business and industrial marketing: Past, present, and future.Industrial Marketing Management,41(1), 207-214. May, D. R., Luth, M. T., Schwoerer, C. E. (2014). The influence of business ethics education on moral efficacy, moral meaningfulness, and moral courage: A quasi-experimental study.Journal of Business Ethics,124(1), 67-80. Michaelson, C., Pratt, M. G., Grant, A. M., Dunn, C. P. (2014). Meaningful work: Connecting business ethics and organization studies.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), 77-90. Patino, A., Pitta, D. A., Quinones, R. (2012). Social media's emerging importance in market research.Journal of Consumer Marketing,29(3), 233-237. Smith, W. K., Gonin, M., Besharov, M. L. (2013). Managing social-business tensions: A review and research agenda for social enterprise.Business Ethics Quarterly,23(03), 407-442. Stanwick, P., Stanwick, S. D. (2013).Understanding business ethics. Sage.

Zen Buddhism Essay Research Paper Buddhism was free essay sample

Zen Buddhism Essay, Research Paper Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha ( the enlightened one ) , in southern Nepal in the fifth and 6th centuries B. C. Buddhism teaches that speculation and the pattern of good spiritual and moral behaviour can take to nirvana. The instructions of the Buddha have, to this twenty-four hours, been passed down from instructor to pupil. Around 475 A.D. one of these instructors, Bodhidharma, traveled from India to China and introduced the instructions of the Buddha at that place. In China Buddhism mingled with Taoism. The consequence of this mingling was the Ch # 8217 ; an School of Buddhism. Around 1200 A.D. Ch # 8217 ; an Buddhism spread from China to Japan where it is called ( at least in interlingual rendition ) Zen Buddhism. Zen is besides known as Eastern Buddhism, which is conspicuously in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Buddhism was ab initio accepted by the on the job category and so easy became accepted in the opinion categories. We will write a custom essay sample on Zen Buddhism Essay Research Paper Buddhism was or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Buddhism flourished from the 6th century until the 19 1960ss when it was repressed in China during the Cultural Revolution. Zen Buddhism spread into Canada in the 19 1890ss. Buddhism has spread to all parts of the Earth. Zen has influenced Japan by infiltrating all categories of citizens. What is the kernel of Zen? The inquiry cuts right to the bosom of the affair and can merely be answered by you. Possibly the best reply is # 8220 ; pattern # 8221 ; . One of the cardinal points of Zen is intuitive apprehension. As a consequence, words and sentences have no fixed significance, and logic is frequently irrelevant. Wordss have intending merely in relation to who is utilizing them, who they are speaking to, and what state of affairs they are used in. Some posters are so nonsensical ; other posters appear to be bunk at first but this is because the significance is all between the lines. Zen and poesy have gone manus in manus for centuries. Meditation is the cardinal component in Zen. The harder you work to accomplish Zen the less likely you are to accomplish it. In fact, Zen means speculation pattern. It is sometimes called a faith and sometimes called a doctrine. Choose whichever term you prefer ; it merely doesn # 8217 ; t affair. Through my research I have found some common speculation techniques used by Zen Buddhists. These techniques are about the placement of organic structure and head to see the full affect of speculation. Hand Positioning is the first component. Gassho is performed by puting the custodies palm to handle somewhat in forepart of the thorax with the weaponries parallel to the floor. Shashu is performed by puting the thumb-tip of the left manus as stopping point to the left-palm as comfy and doing a fist around it. Put the fist in the centre of the thorax and cover it with the right manus. Keep the cubituss off from the organic structure with the forearms parallel to the floor. Isshu is the same as shashu but with the left fist turned thumb side toward the thorax. Left fist and pollex are parallel to the floor and non perpendicular as in shashu. Hokkaijoin ( Cosmic Mudra ) is performed in the undermentioned mode. Put your right manus palm upward in your lap against the lower venters. Put the left-hand thenar upward on top of the right. The 2nd articulations of the in-between fingers should be touching, and your fingers parallel. Raise the pollexs up face-to-face the fingers and touch the thumb tips lightly together ; organizing an ellipse between the pollexs and fingers. The thumb tips should fall in at the approximative degree of the umbilicus. In some Tibetan instruction lines the right manus is placed on top of the left. Settling Into the Posture is the 2nd measure. Put a thick mat ( zaniku or zabuton ) in forepart of the wall and topographic point a little unit of ammunition shock absorber ( zafu ) on it. Sit on it confronting the wall. There are several places for the legs. If non excessively cold sit with au naturel pess. The cross-legged places provide greatest stableness. To sit in full Nelumbo nucifera, place the right pes on the left thigh and so the left pes on the right thigh. To sit in half lotus topographic point your left pes on your right thigh. Try to traverse the legs steadfastly so that the articulatio genuss and the base of the spinal column provide a stable tripod of support. The order of the crossing of the legs may be reversed. It is besides possible to merely sit on the floor with one foreleg in forepart of the other or kneeling utilizing a bench or a shock absorber. To sit in a chair, place the pess level on the floor and utilize a shock absorber to promote the place so that the upper thighs fall off from the organic structure and follow the remainder of the applicable instructions. Rest the articulatio genuss steadfastly on the zaniku, unbend the lower dorsum, push the natess outward and the hips frontward, and unbend your spinal column. Pull in your mentum and widen the cervix as though to back up the ceiling. The ears and shoulders should be in the same plane with the nose straight above the umbilicus. Straighten the dorsum and relax shoulders, back, and venters without altering position. Keep the oral cavity closed puting the lingua with the tip merely behind the front dentition and the remainder of the lingua as stopping point to the roof of the oral cavity as comfy. Keep the eyes at least somewhat unfastened dramatis personae downward at a 45 grade angle without concentrating on anything. If closed you may steal into sleepiness or reverie. Rest the custodies palm up on the articulatio genuss and take 2 or 3 deep abdominal breaths. Exhale swimmingly and easy with the oral cavity somewhat unfastened by drawing in on the abdominal wall until all air has been expelled and inhale by shuting the oral cavity and take a breathing of course. Handss still on the articulatio genuss sway the upper half of the organic structure left to compensate a few times without traveling the hips. Sway forward and back. These swayings are at first larger and so smaller enabling you to happen the point of balance of your position. Finally, put your custodies in Hokkaijoin ( Cosmic Mudra, the egg-shaped form against your venters described above under Hand Positions ) . Observe take a breathing during zazen, but do non seek to pull strings the beat or deepness of the breath. Breathe gently and mutely through the olfactory organ without trying to command or pull strings the external respiration. Let the breath semen and travel of course so that you forget all about it. Simply allow long breaths be long and short 1s abruptly. On inspiration the venters expands of course like a balloon inflating, while on halitus merely allow it deflate. Make non concentrate on any peculiar object or effort to command ideas, emotions, or any alteration of consciousness. By merely keeping proper position and take a breathing the head settees by itself without fiction. When ideas, feelings, etc. arise, do non acquire caught up by them or contend them. Simply permit any object of head to come and travel freely. The indispensable point is to ever endeavor to wake up from distraction ( ideas, emotions, images, etc. ) or obtuseness and sleepiness. Leting spell of any idea is itself believing non-thinking. One may necessitate to lift from speculation for assorted grounds. To make this, first Bow in gassho. Place hands on the articulatio genuss and rock the organic structure somewhat and so more so. Take a few deep breaths and unfold the legs. Arise easy particularly if the legs are asleep and do non stand suddenly. Return your sitting topographic point to its original status. ( Fluff up the zafu and brush it off with your manus. ) There is besides something known as walking zazen, or fundamentally walk-to speculation. Put the custodies in shashu ( or isshu ) . Walk clockwise around the room so that your right shoulder is toward the communion table in the centre of the zendo. The position from waist up is the same as in zazen. Walk taking a half measure for each full breath, easy, swimmingly, and soundlessly, without dragging the pess. Always walk consecutive in front and turn to the right. I have learned a batch about Zen Buddhism and speculation while researching this paper. Although a batch of the information was confounding it was good worth the attempt because of the cognition I have gained. The Zen manner is a different manner to near life and it is non for everyone. For those who like to chew over and are looking for new ways, should seek Zen speculation to accomplish true enlightenment. 31f